Alcohol acts as a depressant on the central nervous system, slowing down brain function. Initially, it may cause feelings of relaxation and euphoria, but higher doses can impair coordination, judgment, and decision-making. Excessive alcohol consumption can lead to memory problems, blackouts, and long-term neurological damage.

The liver metabolizes alcohol, breaking it down into byproducts that can be eliminated from the body. However, heavy or prolonged alcohol use can damage liver cells, leading to inflammation, fatty liver disease, hepatitis, and eventually cirrhosis, a condition characterized by scarring and irreversible liver damage.

Moderate alcohol consumption may have some cardiovascular benefits, such as increasing "good" HDL cholesterol levels and reducing the risk of heart disease. However, excessive drinking can lead to high blood pressure, irregular heart rhythms, cardiomyopathy (weakening of the heart muscle), and an increased risk of stroke.

Prolonged heavy drinking can weaken the immune system, making you more susceptible to infections and illnesses. It can impair the body's ability to fight off bacteria and viruses, leading to an increased risk of respiratory infections, pneumonia, and other health problems.

Alcohol can disrupt hormone levels in the body, affecting functions such as metabolism, reproductive health, and stress response. Chronic alcohol abuse can lead to hormonal imbalances, menstrual irregularities, sexual dysfunction, and infertility.

While alcohol may temporarily alleviate stress or anxiety, excessive or chronic alcohol use can worsen mental health conditions such as depression, anxiety disorders, and bipolar disorder. It can also increase the risk of developing alcohol-induced psychiatric disorders, including alcohol-induced psychosis and mood disorders.